Luego de los recientes incendios en la Región de Valparaíso, vuelve a aparecer de entre las sombras la deuda de Chile con su medioambiente. Un tema no menor, teniendo en consideración que nuestro país, como miembro de la ONU, ha suscrito los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), que en su número 15 describen la obligación de los países de alcanzar, para el año 2030, un mundo con degradación neutra del suelo, luchando contra la desertificación a través de la rehabilitación de tierras y suelos.
Cientos de miles de hectáreas de bosques chilenos siniestrados se han ido sustituyendo por colosales edificaciones a cargo de diversas inmobiliarias. La legislación chilena vigente ha sido fútil, permitiendo durante años el fomento e incentivo de la quema de bosques de nuestro país, donde luego se levantan grandes proyectos de construcción y que ya ha generado otro déjà vu en la ciudadanía con el caso del último incendio en Quilpué, acabando con la vida de más de 20 mil metros cuadrados de bosque de reservas forestales siniestradas y 25 mil personas evacuadas por la amenaza de que sus casas sean alcanzadas por las llamas. Se ha confirmado por la Corporación Nacional Forestal (Conaf), Bomberos de Chile y diversas autoridades que este incendio fue intencional.
Como sugirieron en 2010 Cristián Frêne Conget y Mariela Núñez Ávila (Agrupación de Ingenieros Forestales por el Bosque Nativo), en su artículo titulado “Hacia un Nuevo Modelo Forestal en Chile”, las propuestas de intervención de suelos que se intenten implementar en una determinada localidad deben asegurar la sustentabilidad y el bienestar local en el largo plazo. No es concebible que nuestra legislación permita siquiera un atisbo de avance de grises selvas en reemplazo de centenarios bosques, ni hay precio alguno sobre un edificio que valga la pena por encima del daño sin retorno para el medioambiente de nuestro país. Los bosques chilenos albergan nuestra historia, nos dan vida y, por encima de todo, son el verdadero reflejo de un país que sabe el intangible valor de comprender que su derecho al medioambiente libre de contaminación y el derecho a la preservación de la naturaleza no están a la venta, como lo asegura nuestra Constitución (art. 19 Nº8).
En esa línea, el camino que queda por recorrer es tremendo. Actualmente, duerme en nuestro Congreso un proyecto de ley (de un único artículo) que indica que, en caso de incendios en que se quemen bosques, mieses, pastos, montes, cerros, plantíos o formaciones xerofíticas definidas en la Ley Nº20.283, quede prohibido, por un plazo de 30 años, el cambio de uso de suelo y desarrollo de proyectos inmobiliarios, con el objetivo de propender a la reforestación con bosque nativo de las zonas siniestradas.
Si bien este proyecto es insuficiente –principalmente porque el cambio de usos de suelo y sus materias similares son profundamente amplias en sus factores y vértices–, se vuelve completamente necesario como puntapié inicial en una carrera que llevamos décadas perdiendo. El modelo forestal chileno debe ser reemplazado y esta materia debiese zanjarse seriamente en la –eventual– nueva Constitución, evitando, de esta forma, lo que varios expertos consideran el factor que se espera tenga el impacto global más importante sobre la biodiversidad al año 2100, principalmente debido a sus efectos devastadores sobre la disponibilidad de hábitat y la extinción de diversas especies.
Finalmente, no sobra decir que la disposición del suelo y la vinculación de la ciudadanía con la tierra juegan un papel fundamental en la resolución del ejercicio democrático, por lo que cualquier cambio en el uso del suelo de nuestro país merece ser trabajado con las respectivas comunidades y no solamente con la supervisión de consejos asesores expertos en la materia, como actualmente se hace en nuestro país.
- El contenido vertido en esta columna de opinión es de exclusiva responsabilidad de su autor, y no refleja necesariamente la línea editorial ni postura de El Mostrador.
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